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In formal meetings, most business is conducted through motions. The basic process follows a clear sequence that allows members to propose ideas, discuss them, and make decisions. (RONR, 12th ed., §4:7-35) 

1. A member makes a motion - after obtaining the floor.
   
   

2. Another member seconds the motion - signifying only that the motion should be discussed.
   
   

3. The chair states the motion to the assembly - making sure members know exactly what will be debated and voted on.
   
   

4. Members debate the motion - discussing its merits before a vote.
   
   

5. The chair puts the question to a vote - the "question" being the motion.
   
   

6. The chair announces the result and effect of the vote - "the motion is adopted, and the assembly will host the gala."
   
   

Following these steps helps ensure that decisions are made in an orderly and fair manner.

A quorum is the minimum number of members who must be present for an organization to conduct official business (i.e. vote and make decisions).

The quorum is typically defined in the organization’s bylaws. If the bylaws do not specify a number, a quorum is generally understood to be a majority of the membership. (RONR, 12th ed., §3:3) 

Without a quorum, the group may still:

• fix the time to which to adjourn 

• adjourn

• recess

• take measures to obtain a quorum

However, substantive business cannot be conducted until a quorum is present.

A two-thirds vote is required when a decision would limit the rights of members or restrict debate. (RONR, 12th ed., §44) 

Common examples include:

• Previous Question (closing debate)

• Limiting or extending debate

• Suspending the rules

• Amending bylaws (requires previous notice + a two-thirds vote, OR a majority of the entire membership, unless the bylaws provide otherwise). (RONR, 12th ed., §57:1)
  
  

The higher vote threshold helps protect the rights of the minority while allowing the majority to make decisions.

A motion may be ruled out of order if it violates the rules of the organization or conflicts with parliamentary procedure. (RONR, 12th ed., §23; §4) 

Common reasons include:

• the motion conflicts with the bylaws or adopted rules

• the motion is not relevant (germane) to the business before the assembly

• the same question has already been decided during the session

• the motion conflicts with a motion that is currently pending
  
  

The chair is responsible for ruling motions in or out of order, though members may appeal the chair’s decision. (RONR, 12th ed., §24)